Benjamin Tucker Tanner

Benjamin Tucker Tanner Overview Benjamin Tucker Tanner  was a prominent figure in the African Methodist Episcopal (AME)  Church  . As a clergyman and news editor, Tucker played a pivotal role in the lives of African-Americans as the Jim Crow Era became a reality. Throughout his career as a religious leader, Tucker integrated the importance of social and political power with fighting racial inequality.   Early Life and Education Tanner was born on December 25, 1835 in Pittsburgh to Hugh and Isabella Tanner. At the age of 17, Tanner became a student at Avery College. By 1856, Tanner had joined the AME Church and continued to further his education at Western Theological Seminary. While a seminary student, Tanner received his license to preach in the AME Church. While studying at Avery College, Tanner met and married Sarah Elizabeth Miller, a former slave who had escaped on the Underground Railroad. Through their union, the couple had four children, including Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, one of the first African-American women to become a physician in the United States and Henry Osawa Tanner, the most distinguished African-American artist of the 19th Century. In 1860, Tanner graduated from Western Theological Seminary with a pastoral certificate.   Within two years, he established an AME Church in Washington D.C. Benjamin Tucker Tanner: AME Minister and Bishop While serving as a minister, Tanner established the United States first school for freed African-Americans in the United States Navy Yard in Washington D.C. Several years later, he supervised freedmans schools in Frederick County, Maryland. During this time, he also published his first book, An Apology for African Methodism in 1867. Elected Secretary of the AME General Conference in 1868, Tanner was also named editor of Christian Recorder. The Christian Recorder soon became the largest circulating African-American newspapers in the United States. By 1878, Tanner received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Wilberforce College.   Soon after, Tanner published his book, Outline and Government of the AME Church and was appointed editor of the newly established AME newspaper, AME Church Review. In 1888, Tanner became a bishop of the AME Church. Death Tanner died on January 14, 1923 in Washington D.C.

Ten Reasons to Learn English

Ten Reasons to Learn English Here are ten reasons to learn English - or any language really. Weve chosen these ten reasons as they express a wide range of not only learning goals, but also personal goals. 1. Learning English Is Fun   We should rephrase this: learning English can be fun. For many students, it isnt much fun. However, we think thats just a problem of how you learn English. Take time to have fun learning English by listening to music, watching a movie, challenging yourself to games in English. There are so many opportunities to learn English while having fun. Theres no excuse not to enjoy yourself, even if you have to learn grammar. 2. English Will Help You Succeed in Your Career This is obvious to anyone who lives in our modern world. Employers want employees who speak English. This might not be fair, but it is the reality. Learning English to take a test such as the IELTS or TOEIC will give you a qualification that others might not have, and that might help you get the job you need. 3. English Opens Up International Communications You are on the internet learning English right now. We all know the world needs more love and understanding. What better way to improve the world than to communicate in English (or other languages) with those from other cultures?! 4. Learning English Will Help Open Your Mind We believe that we are all brought up to see the world in one way. Thats a good thing, but at a certain point, we need to expand our horizons. Learning English will help you understand the world through a different language. Understanding the world through a different language will also help you view the world from a different perspective. In other words, learning English helps to open your mind. 5. Learning English Will Help Your Family Being able to communicate in English can help you reach out and discover new information. This new information could help save the life of someone in your family. Well, it certainly can help you help the other people in your family who dont speak English. Just imagine yourself on a trip and you are responsible for communicating with others in English. Your family will be very proud. 6. Learning English Will Keep Alzheimers Away Scientific research says that using your mind to learn something helps keep your memory intact. Alzheimers - and other diseases dealing with brain functions - isnt nearly as powerful if youve kept your brain flexible by learning English. 7. English Will Help You Understand Those Crazy Americans and Brits Yes, American and British cultures are  rather strange at times. Speaking English will certainly give you insight into why these cultures are so crazy! Just think, you will understand English cultures, but they probably wont understand yours because they dont speak the language. Thats a real advantage in so many ways. 8. Learning English  Will Help You Improve Your Sense of Time English is obsessed with verb tenses. In fact, there are twelve tenses in English. Weve noticed that this is not the case in many other languages. You can be sure that by learning English you will gain a keen sense of when something happens due to the English languages use of time expressions. 9. Learning English Will Allow You to Communicate in Any Situation Chances are that someone will speak English no matter where you are. Just imagine you are on a deserted island with people from all over the world. Which language will you speak? Probably English! 10. English Is the World Language OK, OK, this is an obvious point weve already made. More people speak Chinese, more nations have Spanish as their mother tongue, but, realistically. English is the language of choice throughout the world today.

Knowledge in the Natural Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Knowledge in the Natural Law - Case Study Example Natural law and Natural Rights, on which the modern Jurisprudence exists to a very large extent, are as old as human race, and form the fundamental base of Human Rights. Natural law is based on the good feeling, on the wellbeing of people around us. It is directly connected with the original form of human life closely knitted with nature and nature is knowledge. Understanding nature is understanding right and wrong, knowing which action leads to which results, and having intricate knowledge of actions and reactions in nature that would eventually reflect on the welfare of humans. It is also knowledge about all natural forms, lives, organisms, animals and the natural right of all species to be allowed to live without being harmed. This basic principle of natural law depends heavily on the knowledge of values, compassion, fellow feeling, and celebration of life. There is no Natural law or Natural Rights in the absence of this basic knowledge and reasoning. Natural law is believed to be the closest that law could get to divinity. "For they are not of human position purely or simply, but are laws of God or Nature clothed with human sanctions. As obtaining at all times and obtaining at all places, they are styled by the classical jurists jus gentium, or jus omnium gentium," (Hart (19712). We hear that our unedu... According to Finnis, knowledge stems from basic value and basic practical principle. He argues that knowledge of human conduct is necessary to evaluate it against values and good principles. Another point is that with the background of sound knowledge, the principle application becomes self-evident, and unquestionable. This particular knowledge is not attained by exalted pursuit of the most intricate information. On the contrary, it is attained by compassion, understanding, friendliness and a desire to do justice against odds. It also owes its existence to the moral ethics, impartiality and consideration of other humans' feelings and rights to exist. It is acknowledgement of basic human rights. It is knowing how to preserve natural innocence. Ultimately it is the knowledge and acknowledgement of the truth and an ardent desire to establish it against negative circumstances. When knowledge becomes the basic aspect of a human being, that individual could be assessed as a complete person. Here Finnis agrees with Bentham and Kant, even though he does not touch the high morality prescribed by them. "The purity exacted by both Bentham and Kant consists in imitating qualities of the divine. For Bentham, the quality of benevolence takes precedence, but it turns out that the theory demands the divine attribute of omniscience as well.however different their paths may be, Bentham and Kant share the Enlightenment impulse of grounding a moral theory in attributes of the human condition," (Fletcher, 19963). Finnis goes on to argue that it should be the good knowledge, and not an unpleasant one that could be of no use to the person's surroundings. He reflects on the natural human compulsion of curiosity and insatiable inquisitive desire to know which will lead

Corporate Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Corporate Finance - Essay Example TSR is defined as a measure that helps in evaluating the performance of different company’s shares and stocks over the passage of time. It takes into account appreciation of share price and payment of dividends in order to show the total shareholder’s return and is expressed as percentage. It is calculated after considering capital gain, which is accrued after purchase of company’s share. In calculating TSR, it is assumed that the dividends are reinvested in the company shares (Rexam Plc, 2014b). Through calculation of TSR, the performance of share is compared over the period of time. This is the main advantage of calculating TSR as it shows the exact position of the share even if it has high growth and low dividend or low growth and high dividend. After collecting relevant information from the annual reports of the two companies mentioned above, TSR is calculated. The information needed for the same are share price at the end and beginning of the year along with the dividend that are paid out to the shareholders. This information has helped to calculate the TSR of the companies, which are provided in the following table (Rexam Plc, 2014a): The above table reflects the change or fluctuation in the value of TSR over the 7 years. It is observed that the TSR value of Rexam Plc has increased over the years from a negative value since 2007. During the period 2007-2009, the company was unable to maintain a positive TSR mainly due to its poor performance in the industry, which occurred mainly due to the insufficient sales. However, positive TSR after 2009 indicates that the company has improved its share price performance, which is the result of increase in sales. Presently, the company has satisfied customers by offering them with good return and higher dividends, which are reinvested in company shares that are issued for them. From the above table it is evident that GSK has encountered

Make a website Essay Example for Free

Make a website Essay This is an output device which prints onto paper whatever are you require to be outputted it produces them as hard copies. Printers are designed to produce hard copies at a very fast rate many printers are able to print at the rate of 30 hard copies in 30 minutes. Laser Printer This machine produces high quality text and graphics hard copies at a very rapid rate they are able to print around 12 000 hard copies in an hour. Laser printer do not use ink cartridges they use toner instead due to the size of the machine and it is designed to print many hard copies at a rapid. Advantages. Prints hard copies very rapidly.   You get very good quality. Toner last a very long time. Disadvantages   Takes up a lot of space. Very expensive to buy. p2. tech. re4. yahoo. com/ /153285 Inkjet Printer This printer which works by dots it drops the ink onto the sheet of paper to create a hardcopy. This printer works by propelling small ink droplets onto sheets of paper. Ink jet printers use one of these types of technology: thermal, piezoelectric, and continuous. They all produce different quality of prints. Advantages   Produces very good quality hard copies.   Is very easy to use. Cheap Disadvantages Is slow doesnt print very quickly   Can break very easily not a very stable machine.   Not good for big business or large amounts of prints. www. cyberindian. net/ / Scanners- the scanner will be used to scan images into the computer for the website This is a machine which copies information into the computer for you to see on the Monitor. This device converts an image into a pattern of dots for the computer to understand and be able to store, it can convert images and text. Advantages   Very useful if you want to view your images on the Monitor. Cheap and easy buy. Disadvantages   Not always very good quality, the image is not very clear.   Quite big can take of space. Can take a while to scan images or text. www. photokina-show. com/news/epson/PERFECTION Digital Cameras- the digital camera will be used for taking pictures which will be uploaded onto the website This is a device which captures an image of what you are looking at through a lens. A light-sensitive pickup pipe or chip to adapt visual indicator into electrical impulses. Advantages   You can see the picture straight away.   You can delete and edit the picture. You dont need a film you can have unlimited amounts of pictures. Disadvantages   Can be expensive to buy. Run out of battery very easily. thecamerabloggers. com/ Graphics tablet- the graphics tabley will be used to draw images for the website This is a piece of hardware which lets you draw things with a pen and appear on the monitor It is an input device which works just like pen and paper however your image is transferred onto the computer. There is a flat base which acts as your sheet of paper this is called the tablet it is connected to the computer so that the image that you draw appears on the screen. The pen acts as your pencil used for drawing the image you create on the tablet appears on the monitor. Advantages   Lets you have images how you wan them to be.   Very good for drawing images. Disadvantages   Very expensive to buy and find.   Can lose pen very easily as it is not attached by a wire.   Can be hard to use. You do not always get what you want. www. logo. com/cat/view/volito-tablet. html Speakers- the speakers will be for the sound effects used on the website This is a piece of output device which allows you to be able to hear whatever you require to hear. It converts electrical signals into to sound signals which you hear through the speaker. Sometimes can be referred to as a loud speaker. Advantages   Hear sounds or anything spoken   Cheap and easy to use. Disadvantages Can break very easily.   Not designed for long-term use. www. global-b2b-network. com/b2b/96/97/519 What I will use and why Mouse I will use a optical mouse because a tracker ball can take some time to understand how to use were as a optical mouse is very easy to use as this is the most widely used mouse. I choose an optical mouse instead of a roller ball mouse because it can break easily due to its weak structure and the ball can get clogged up with dirt so it would not be very long lasting. This is why I have choosen to use an optical mouse. Keyboard I have choosen to use a QWERTY keyboard over a DVORAK keyboard for one main reason that it is much easier to use compared to a DVORAK keyboard which would take time to learn how to use. Another reason was that QWERTY keyboards are much easier to get hold of compared to DVORAK keyboards which also can be very expensive to buy. Monitor I will use a LCD monitor over a TFT-LCD because LCD monitors give much better quality than TFT-LCD monitors. Also a TFT-LCD is expensive so if stolen I there will be a great deal of money loss. It also can be much more easily broken compared to a LCD monitor. Printer I will use a laser printer instead of an inkjet printer because laser printers are capable of doing many prints at a very high quality rate. Also they are much more long lasting compared to an inkjet printer which would save me having to but a new printer every few months. Other pieces of hardware I will use a Digital camera instead of a graphics tablet. This is because with the graphics tablet I will only be able to draw very basic things which would be very well suited for a website. However with a camera I can capture very good quality pictures for a website which will look much more professional. I will also use a speaker for sound effects on my website as it will make the website appear more professional and an excellent feature.

Investigating Skill Acquisition :: Papers

Investigating Skill Acquisition The majority of sports require constant decision making. Once the brain as received information, made sense of it and organised the information a decision can be made. This decision will start a plan of action, and it is then vital that we make this decision as quickly as possible. the space between a stimulus being presented and the performers response to it is called reaction time. Reaction time is often overlooked and usually underestimated in the preparation process for athletes. What we usually refer to as ‘explosiveness’ is often actually great reaction time. In just about all sports you will find a constant series of reactions to auditory and visual cues. A players ability to respond quickly, properly and precisely to the information being sent is very important in determining their success in the sport. â€Å"Reaction time - the time between the first presentation of a stimulus and the performers reaction† Movement time - the time between the first reaction to the stimulus and the completion of movement Response time - the time from the presentation of the stimulus to the completion of the movement† (J Stafford-Brown, et al, 2003) Therefore Response Time = reaction time + movement time In order to be a skilled performer the ability to combine quick reactions with quick movements is vital in order to be able to respond to stimuli effectively. For example in 100m sprinting the most successful sprinter is going to be the one who exerts pressure onto the blocks by his feet after hearing the stimuli (starting gun) first and then moving his feet off the blocks first. this is because his quick combination of reaction and movement time has given him the quickest response time, from the moment he heard the starting gun to the moment both feet left the blocks. he is then going to have an advantage over his components because he will already be getting into his running stride while the rest of them are still responding.

Discuss the Relationship Between Dada and Punk

Discuss the Relationship Between Dada and Punk. Within this essay I will be exploring the close relationship between Dada and Punk. Dada and Punk are both movements which were used to express a social change within their time, through art, fashion and music. Although the Dada movement was at its peak in 1916 to 1922 and the Punk movement started in the mid 1970s, both show the same ideologies and techniques towards they work.Throughout the essay I will break down each of the movements into certain groups and analyzes the similarities between both of them. To understand the developments of both movements, you need to understand the environment in which they were formed. Dada started in 1916, two years after World War 1 started. World War 1 was a complicated war, involving many countries taking sides due to the conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, the conflict was brought to a head in the battle of the Somme, France, 1916.This was when many artists, writers and others took refu ge in Zurich, Switzerland, which was neutral during the war, many were angry at what was happening to the world, within the book Dadaism, Huelsenbeck (2004, pg 8) stated ‘None of us had any understanding for the courage that is needed to allow oneself to be shot dead for the idea of the nation†¦ ’, they were disgusted by the war and the idea that the nation’s public would support such violence, and they were frustrated with having no control over what was happening, a similar feeling the punks had in the 1970s.Dadaism was about rebelling against the war, they wanted to take the control back and the only way they could was through art, Huelsenbeck (2004 pg 17) quoted ‘DADA means nothing. We want to change the world with nothing’, it is easy to see Dadaist felt the modern world they were now living in was meaningless and so wanted to reject all traditions, especially art tradition, so they decided to create non-art which had no meaning to go with the meaningless world, they took some control back. The Punks had a similar attitude, they wanted to take back control of their future.The Punk movement started in the mid 1970s, a reaction against the recession. A recession which affected most of the working class, due to strikes, three day weeks and lack of opportunity, very different if you compare it to the days of the 1960s, where youth culture exploded on to the scene, free love and England was swinging. Due to the recession the youth of the working class felt failed and disillusioned, a feeling shown in the Sex Pistol’s song ‘God Save The Queen’(1977) ‘Don’t be told what you want, Don’t be told what you need, There’s no future, no future, No Future for you’.The punks felt like they had no voice, no power and no future so they wanted to make a statement, and like Dada, they wanted to take back control and the only way they could do this was through art, music and fashion. I mage 1, ‘Dada’ It seems both movements were angry over the situation they were living in, and people will only live under that strain until an outburst happens, and when society does snap, people will want change. For the two movements they protested, Dada protested against the War and the bourgeois nationalist who they felt was the root of the war, while punks protested against the establishment.The Dadaist, George Grosz once stated that his work was a protest ‘against the world of mutual destruction’, a quote which fits well with the Dadaist but also the Punks, they used destruction of tradition as the protest against the destructive world. It is clear to see that the Punk movement looked up to Dada, just looking at Jamie Reid’s work and you can Dada’s influence by their use of type and the DIY look, same ideologies, there was even a fanzine issue called Dada which compared Punk to Dada, shown in ‘Image 1’ on the right.The Punks were well known for having left winged views, but really like most movements had many different political views. The main ideas of the movement was individual freedom and anti-establishment, Dada also had the same ideas to this affect, they believed in freedom, that’s why they started in Switzerland, a neutral country, they wanted to create art in their own way without using any of the ‘tradition’ rules. Other Punks ideas were anti-authoritarianism, DIY ethics, direct action, non-conformity and not selling out.All relevant to Dada, but I feel the idea of non conformity Image 2,’The Punk Look’ describes the movements best, the ‘Image 2’ best shows how the Punk didn’t conform, they use shock fashion to state who they were and what they stood for, fashion like this in the 1970s scared people, no one had seen fashion like it, the safety pins, ripped edges and bondage like clothes was a very violent looking dress sense, but Punk wasn ’t the only movement which use shock tactics, Dada used shock art, well what would have been shock art in the 1900s, About. om (2012) stated, ‘The Dadaists thrust mild obscenities, scatological Image 3, ‘Fountain’ humour, visual puns and everyday objects (renamed as â€Å"art†) into the public eye. ’, the public still used to ‘traditional’ art found Dadaism disgusting, a example of this is Marcel Duchamp ‘Foundation’, Image 3 on the right, by today standards very normal by the art world but in the 1900s, ready-made art wasn’t hear of, wouldn’t been classed as art, and so Duchamp shocked people by suggesting this is art, begging the question ‘what is art? , something which hadn’t been questioned in such style. Image 4, ‘God Save The Queen’ Within both movements shock art was used to state they ideologies, the best two examples I feel show how the movements are similar are, Jamie Reid’s ‘God Save the Queen’, Image 4, one of my personal favourites, also one of the most iconic images of the punk movement, used for the Sex Pistol’s cover ‘God save the Queen’, and Marcel Duchamp’s L. H. O. O. Q , can been seen under image5.These two image show what the movements are about, Marcel Duchamp took one of the most iconic painting and defaced it, not as a joke or because he disliked the painting but he what to state what the Dadaist believed, that traditional art had been exhausted and it was time for a change. Although Duchamp wasn’t anti-art but he wanted, and I quote Elger (2004, pg 82) ‘to pose new, previously unasked questions about art†¦. While the border regions of art had not been explored. , Duchamp used the’ Mona Lisa’ as a symbol of traditional art and wanted to deface it to show the art world that he has no respects for traditions, not even for ‘ Leonardo’s untouchab le masterpiece. ’, Elger (2004, pg 82). Image 5, ‘Mona Lisa’ The same idea was used in Jamie Reid’s ’God Save the Queen’, (Image 4), Reid took a image of the queen, which acted as a symbol of the establishment and authority, just like the ‘Mona Lisa’ was a symbol for Dada, and Reid deface her by blanking out the eyes and mouth, like a common criminal to make out she, the authority, committing a crime.Just like Dada was anti-art, Punk was anti-design, looking at image 4 you can see the DIY attitude and look allowing amateur designers to create own poster and fanzines, allowing everyone to be free to create what they want, about they own opinions, this is another link to Dada, slightly with the ’Mona Lisa’ with Duchamp taking a ready-made image and pencilling on top, but mostly with other Dadaist work with college.The ransom style lettering gives a threat on the queen, and so the design is acting like a threat to auth ority again showing the Punk anti-establishment ideas and how they want to take down the system, just like the Dadaist wanted to take down the idea of the traditional art system. Within the design Reid uses a union jack for the background, which adds colour to the design but also the single was released the weekend of the Queen’s silver jubilee and so the union jack marks a personal attack at Britain and our tradition, as the Punks saw the queen as the enemy.Dada wasn’t the only one who used the ‘Mona Lisa’, the Punks used her for a gallery opening, again the image was defaced, with smashed glass and spray paint, like a riot had happened. I believed they used this image not because it was a gallery opening but she was a sign of the wealth and tradition of the art world and the rest of the world to show everyone the Punk movement is here and you can’t ignore it, just like Duchamp’s ‘Mona Lisa’. Image 6, ‘Rrose Selavy’ Image 7, ‘Soo Catwoman’ Dada and Punk were not only ahead in their art work and ideas, but socially and with the role of women too.When Dada was at its peak the role of women was changing, women were working, the suffrage movement, the idea of birth control and the decline in the male population, Dada was the perfect time for women to make a stand, seeing as it was a time for change. Even Duchamp appreciated the role of women and their creative role, even to the point where Duchamp dressed as a woman, ‘Rrose Selavy’, as seen on the left. ‘Rrose Selavy’ was used to shock but also show there is no clear boundary between men and women, and when you look to the Punks and the way they dressed, men and women’s style was very similar.Image 7 is a photo of Soo Catwoman, she is very iconic to the Punk movement, she was the ultimate Punk. The Punk movement stated by Hickman (2011),’The women of punk conceived new ways to interact with thei r bodies, gender and punk culture as a whole. ’ the role of women in the movement was very equal for the 1970s, it was a great way to show to the world that women had a right and a voice, so shock fashion like Soo Catwoman really stated what the punk women stood for, and the fact they aren’t these delicate creatures who should be seen and not heard.Image 8, ‘Orgasm Addict’ It was during the Punk movement where female graphic designers were becoming influential. Linder Sterling is a well known punk artist, designing for the ‘Buzzcocks’, one of the designs is image 8, like Reid, Sterling uses college techniques and the DIY look to create the cover, sterling (1977) quoted, ‘It was made in a  Salford  bedroom, I had a sheet of glass, a scalpel and piles of women's mags. ’ This technique would have been used with most of the punk designer because it adds a raw edge to the design.This DIY techniques was also used with Dada, as seen in image 9, ‘The Art Critic’ by Raoul Hausmann, you can see the similarities between the two image, both use college and in image 9, the eyes and mouth have been removed again defacing the person. The idea of college was yet enough rebellion against the art world because it was a new idea and not done before, the technique was developed due to the war because art supplies were low so they used whatever was around them and this meant college.Image 9, ‘The Art Critic’ From image 8 you can the techniques used by many punk artists, within they work they usually focus on one figure in which they deface, like in image 8, although the iron may represent the idea of a woman’s role, as the iron is a symbol of the home and house work, which is a role that has been assigned to women, while the mouths on the nipples suggest a idea of sexuality and this is the only part of the woman which makes people, mainly men, happy.With image 10 Hausmann has removed the eyes and mouth because of this it has removed the humanity of the person like Sterling’s cover. Also with most Punk and Dada work primary colours would be used to make the isolated image stand out and give it more of a contrast and give it more of a harsh, violent look. In summary it is clear to see the relationship between Dada and Punk. The movements had similar backgrounds, similar ideologies and similar techniques when creating their work.The ways they protested against their situation, Dada with anti-art and the Punks with anti-design, shows the two movements linked and for Punks it seems they looked up to Dada, just looking at the similarities between Reid’s college techniques compared to a Dadaism piece like Raoul Hausmann’s ‘The Art Critic’, you can see the influence. Personally I feel the two go hand in hand, both movements hold an important place in art history, and with me, I have always loved the Punk movement and learning about Dada has hel ped me understand the history of art and I feel without Dada we wouldn’t have Punk.

Blood Transfusion

BIOPURE INDUSTRIESA Marketing Analysis Based on the data from the case study by Jonn Gourville, Biopure Corporation , HBS, 1998April 20, 2005By Veronica Stepanova Executive  Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Situation AnalysisI. Human  Market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3II. Animal  Market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Marketing Plan  for oxyglobin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Final  decision†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Appendix 1 A (Excel documents, separate attachment) Appendix 1 B Executive Summary Many opportunities are available in the human blood market due to several disadvantages of thecurrently available alternatives. Even more opportunities exist in the  animal blood market. †¢Oxyglobin should be positioned as a high-quality product designed for middle- to upper-classbudgets. †¢The price for Oxyglobin should be about $200 for the consumer and around $100 for the supplier(animal hospital) to account for distribution markups and other  carrying costs. †¢Distribution should be oriented in the regional  vicinity of the operation and implement largerclinics.In addition, only emergency clinics are to be targeted. Current opportunities are favorable for Oxyglobin’s launch. Situation Analysis I. Human blood market. †¢Patients with acute blood loss from  trauma  and surgery – 40% individuals aged 65+. †¢Chronic anemia  patients (any age) – 1. 5 million for the year 1995. †¢Blood loss, resulting from trauma (e. g. car accident) and exceeding 2-3 units (1 unit = 10% of  total blood content of human body) needs immediate  blood transfusion. †¢Price is largely cost-based (storage, implementation) – blood donation is free.Existing options. †¢Red  blood cells  and their components (hemoglobin, platelets, and plasma) are  collected viadonations, organized by blood collection centers and  then transfused into patients. †¢Current options allow for storage for 6  weeks in refrigerated conditions, consequently disposed of  if unused. Hemoglobin uses oxygen-carrying efficiency by 50% if not used  within the first few weeks. †¢Blood transfusion is subject to blood typing (A, B,  AB, O, positive, negative) andreception/rejection by the body. Incorrect matching may be fatal  for the patient. Infection risks slow down the process of  testing blood prior to its use and are  greater if blood isnot separated into components. Infections include the risks of AIDS, hepatitis B,  and contamination. †¢Blood transfusion is available on-site only (hospital or emergency room); as a  result, 30% traumapatients die prior to operation. †¢Blood supply is lower than demand, especially during peak periods (summer  months and winterholidays, during which car and other travel increases ? fewer donors and more patients). Blood substitutes. †¢3 companies in final stages awaiting FDA  approval (clinical testing). Entrance into market is difficult (all current processes patented) and  time-consuming – may takeup to 17 years (See case Exhibit 3). Potential to replace current blood drawing process by  component separation and purification, aswell as chemical modification and stabilization of hemoglobin. Reduced risk of contamination and increased storage capability of 2 years. Added benefits for patients with constricted or restricted blood vessels (smaller size improvedaccessibility to organs). Possibility of adapting animal blood cells for use in  humans. Risk of toxicity and body rejection (sped up  excretion). Competitors/industry players .A. Baxter &  Northfield Laboratories. †¢Both rely on human blood supply to  derive hemoglobin. †¢Red blood cells obtained from expired banks. †¢Require refrigeration. Baxter: †¢Leader in development and manufacturing of blood-oriented medical equipment. †¢Large facility – production capacity of 1 million units/year, spent $250  million on R&D. †¢Product – HemAssist – to be  priced between $600-$800. Northfield: †¢ Small facility –  10,000-unit production capability but possible expansion into  300,000 units/year. Focus on single product (PolyHeme), $70 million spent on development. B. Biopure Corporation. †¢Specializes in protein purification for pharmaceutical use. †¢Hemopure 2 years away from final approval. †¢Derived from the blood of cattle. †¢Production capacity of 150,000 but  possible production limitations due to expected concurrentusage of production equipment for animal version. †¢Need for removal of  hemoglobin clusters from product? excess process in  production ability. †¢Cost for Biopure at $1. 50 per unit of animal blood, but plan to match Baxter’s price for finalconsumer product.II. Animal blood market. †¢Mainly cats (35%) and dogs (50%). †¢800 dogs were brought to emergency  treatment due to acute blood loss in 1995,  2. 5% severe. Existing options. †¢15,000 veterinary clinics. †¢5% of vet clinics p erform emergency care, with a 75% referral rate from primary care  clinics. †¢Current blood banks insufficient, demand greatly exceeds supply: 2. 5 out of 30  cases treated. †¢93% blood drawn from donor animals (78%  in emergencies) – an ethically questionable practice. †¢150 units of blood transfused per emergency care, 17 per  primary care center (Appendix A). No effective blood typing or cross-matching systems. †¢Blood collection, storage, and transfusion too costly for proper operation. †¢Current cost of clinical care  to animal owners relatively high, undesirable. ? 84% doctor dissatisfaction with current alternatives. Blood substitutes. †¢Biopure’s Oxyglobin currently the only existing  FDA-approved substitute ready for launch. †¢No evident chemical difference in the  production process between animal and human supplement. †¢Animal supplement approved sooner than human equivalent due to less-strict regulations in theanimal consumer market. Production capacity of 300,000 units, $200 million spent on development (combined withHemopure) Marketing Plan for OxyglobinPositioning strategy. Most animal owners (enthusiasts) can be  assumed to be within the middle to  upperincome class, based on the extraneous costs of owning an animal (refer to case Exhibit 8 for a summary of  average costs of keeping a  pet). However, many consumers proved to be  price-conscious about spendingadditional funds on optional services (this will be analyzed further in the  pricing strategy); therefore, nopremium strategy should be used.The product should be positioned as  a high-quality supplement forblood transfusion, available to (affordable by) most animal owners. Pricing strategy. As cited, animal  owners expect to spend limited amounts of money on  animal care; thisis slightly different for emergency situations, where customers are willing to spend more,  as demonstratedby the survey results (Exhibit 8; Table B). The typical cost of a  blood transfusion to the customer iscurrently $100 for the traditional method; however, this price was  said to have been cost-unjustified.Still,veterinarians were cited as the  trusted source for determining a patient’s treatment selection, which putspressure on the new substitute segment to set  a competitive price standard. While profit margins mayprove higher on a higher-priced item, the  product’s sensitivity to reputation for being a supposedlyâ€Å"better, cheaper alternative† to currently available options, which would satisfy the currently largely-unfulfilled demand for blood transfusion, would pressure Biopure to price its Oxyglobin according tocustomer expectations (See â€Å"Existing options†, page 5 of this report).Those expectations, as  we can seefrom the attached appendix (Appendix 1 A and B), are that the price to the consumer be about $200 ($100to the veterinarian – keeping the  50% markup), which would give the company the largest  marginal gainin revenues (higher prices are actually marginal  losses! ), while still retaining the major demand (weconsider emergency care centers more important here,  since they have, proportionally, a much largerdemand than primary care centers).In terms of the  price difference between Oxyglobin and its competitorin the human segment, Baxter, the latter spent $50 million more on R&D than Biopure, so the pricepremium on Baxter can be  justified by higher costs; in addition, Biopure’s per-unit costs are significantlysmaller because it uses cattle blood. In addition, Biopure may price Hemopure slightly higher because of  the extra processing that goes into making it,  as well as the variation in  the segment and target audience(people are willing to spend more on  themselves than on animals). Distribution.Biopure should only target emergency care  practices. Although those only make up 5% of  the overall industry, 75% primary care specialists will refer  an acute blood loss case (such as a trauma)  toone of these centers. Furthermore, Biopure should target large practices (3+ doctors) through regionaldistributors, both of which account for the largest sales in  the industry. Considering the limited volume of  supplies Biopure is going to have, a  national distribution may not be desirable right away, until thecompany at least increases its production capabilities.A regional distributor would be local enough tounderstand the specific needs of its market (e. g. , New England), and a larger vet practice could provemore efficient (and less costly) in  terms of the availability of materials and  the reduction of transfers,thereby also reducing the consumer’s costs and increasing the rate  of success by providing a quicker  service (in other words, it would have more  cases, but more doctors available to  help overall, fewercases per doctor †“ see Exhibit 7).Of course, the drawback is that a large clinic would not be as personal. The 1 million dollar question: Should Oxyglobin be launched? – Yes. †¢Launching early allows for an audience test:? Achieve acclaim/recognition for a break-through discovery that is beneficial because it-Fulfills an unsatisfied/dissatisfied need (better quality blood  transfusion, availability);-Reduces costs to both suppliers and consumers.? Easier entry into secondary (human) market –  Ã¢â‚¬Å"tested on animals† – more trusted  than untestedcompetitors.?Potential to utilize production to full potential (instead of splitting up with Hemopure); later on, dividebased on larger per-unit profit (and  not necessarily the stated 150:300 ratio).? If fails or doesn’t test well: – Would aid in the decision about improving current human version (complete discontinuation notan option due to  the immense initial investment in R&D);- Reduce the shock of having to change both formulas (processes) simultaneously – longer timespan gives better flexibility and more time for testing and improvement – less drastic. Hemopure and Oxyglobin,  although similar in purposes, are meant for two completelydifferent segments; they should not be compared based on price because price expectations aredifferent for humans than they are  for animal needs; the demand for Oxyglobin  is clear andsignificant, while the demand for the same product in the human market is questionable. Therefore, stick with Oxyglobin – which already has the approval – and launch it.

Free Essays on The Prophecy

â€Å"THE PROPHECY† AND HOW TWO DIFFERENT CHARACTERS CAN BUILD AN EVERLASTING FRIENDSHIPâ€Å" The prophecy† is a short story written by the Indian Anjana Appachana in the 90’s. This story is about the friendship between two seventeen year old Indian girls, and how they try to face the pregnancy of one of them. â€Å"The prophecy† is set in a modern Indian upper class society, but we can still see the differences between a traditional style of living, influenced by the British Colonialism and the Indian society; and a more modern and liberal style of living influenced by the Western society. All these differences are represented in Hemu ´s and Amrita’s characters respectively. Hemu is much more traditional, rational and we could think that a better friend than Amrita. In what most Hemu and Amrita differ is in their values; as Hemu is much more conservative in hers than Amrita. Hemu thinks that virginity should last until marriage, â€Å"if it happened before marriage he would not respect me†, she says. This makes her also worry whether Rakesh (the father of the baby Amrita is going to have), respects Amrita or not. Hemu also sees the family in a traditional way; she wants to get married and she thinks that â€Å"marriage would be that wondrous path of rapid heartbeats and unending, intimate discoveries†. She is anxious about marriage and what she first asks Chachaji, the astrologer, is if she is going to get married, and if it’s going to happen in a short time. In contrast, Amrita is much more liberal, independent, modern and adventurous. Amrita obviously doesn’t think of having relations before marriage as a bad thing; she doesn’t want to get married; she wants to be a journalist and wants to travel acro ss the world. But for Hemu, marriage is the solution to Amrita’s problems and she â€Å"didn’t understand at all† why she doesn’t want to... Free Essays on The Prophecy Free Essays on The Prophecy â€Å"THE PROPHECY† AND HOW TWO DIFFERENT CHARACTERS CAN BUILD AN EVERLASTING FRIENDSHIPâ€Å" The prophecy† is a short story written by the Indian Anjana Appachana in the 90’s. This story is about the friendship between two seventeen year old Indian girls, and how they try to face the pregnancy of one of them. â€Å"The prophecy† is set in a modern Indian upper class society, but we can still see the differences between a traditional style of living, influenced by the British Colonialism and the Indian society; and a more modern and liberal style of living influenced by the Western society. All these differences are represented in Hemu ´s and Amrita’s characters respectively. Hemu is much more traditional, rational and we could think that a better friend than Amrita. In what most Hemu and Amrita differ is in their values; as Hemu is much more conservative in hers than Amrita. Hemu thinks that virginity should last until marriage, â€Å"if it happened before marriage he would not respect me†, she says. This makes her also worry whether Rakesh (the father of the baby Amrita is going to have), respects Amrita or not. Hemu also sees the family in a traditional way; she wants to get married and she thinks that â€Å"marriage would be that wondrous path of rapid heartbeats and unending, intimate discoveries†. She is anxious about marriage and what she first asks Chachaji, the astrologer, is if she is going to get married, and if it’s going to happen in a short time. In contrast, Amrita is much more liberal, independent, modern and adventurous. Amrita obviously doesn’t think of having relations before marriage as a bad thing; she doesn’t want to get married; she wants to be a journalist and wants to travel acro ss the world. But for Hemu, marriage is the solution to Amrita’s problems and she â€Å"didn’t understand at all† why she doesn’t want to...

7 Editing Pet Peeves

7 Editing Pet Peeves 7 Editing Pet Peeves 7 Editing Pet Peeves By Mark Nichol We all have our editorial idiosyncrasies. Here are seven words, phrases, or other subjects that make me peevish: 1. â€Å"Beg the Question† If you see this phrase in print, it’s likely to mean â€Å"to bring up an obvious question,† as in â€Å"That begs the question of how we are going to balance the budget† or â€Å"to prompt a question in response to something,† as in â€Å"The new evidence begs the question of whether the defendant was guilty after all.† To beg the question, however, originally meant to make a statement that assumes that the proposition in question is true; an example is â€Å"Most scholars discount Smith’s theories because they don’t agree with him.† This original definition, however, is being overwhelmed by the new senses described above. They are so ubiquitous that they are coming to be accepted as valid, but such acceptance dilutes the value of the pure meaning. It’s best not to use the phrase at all. 2. â€Å"I could care less.† Perhaps I care about this too much, because it doesn’t come up often, but more than never is too much. The correct expression is â€Å"I couldn’t care less,† meaning, â€Å"The degree to which I care is the least possible amount.† Some people argue that â€Å"I could care less† is a way of shrugging an issue off by implying that the minimal extent to which one is concerned about it could be diminished even further. My opinion: It’s a mishearing of the correct form, and those who write it the wrong way are writing it the wrong way. 3. Different When I read a sentence like â€Å"Seventeen different languages are spoken by students at the school,† my first thought is, â€Å"As opposed to seventeen identical languages?† In other words, different is redundant to the statement of plurality. Different is the default. 4. Latin Latin abbreviations such as i.e. and e.g. are valid, but they’re often misused or at least punctuated incorrectly (or not at all), and â€Å"for example† and â€Å"that is† serve just as well. The same goes for the Latin for â€Å"and so on†: etc. which, by the way, is redundant not only to the foregoing abbreviations but also to â€Å"such as† and â€Å"et al.† (â€Å"and others†), which, outside of a bibliography, is simply not necessary. And why use ergo when you can write thus? A good proportion of English vocabulary derives from Latin, but I advocate minimizing direct borrowing. 5. Nonprofit I abhor the use of nonprofit as a stand-alone noun, and I find I must append the word organization to that word, converting it into an adjective: â€Å"nonprofit organization.† The same opposition applies to multinationals; I favor â€Å"multinational corporations.† 6. Quality I once worked for a publication whose editor in chief banned the word quality alone when â€Å"high quality† is meant, as in â€Å"This is a quality publication.† It was an oddly specific prohibition from a person who wouldn’t be expected to bother with such specific usage, but I agreed with her then, and I do now; I never use the term in isolation in that context. 7. Scare Quotes Quotation marks used as the written equivalent of wiggled-finger air quotes are usually unnecessary. They’re especially so in conjunction with so-called in fact, they’re redundant in that case: â€Å"So-called notification laws require businesses to notify customers when certain unencrypted customer data is improperly accessed.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsUsed To vs. Use ToDealing With A Character's Internal Thoughts

Multicultural Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicultural Society - Essay Example To begin with, I would define a multicultural society as a society with the coexistence of numerous cultures, trying to overcome racism, sexism, and other forms of cultural discrimination. At the same time, in the true democratic multicultural society different cultures should not live separately, they should communicate in the area of a culture meeting. The role of communication in a multicultural society is extremely high, because members of different societies have the only chance to understand each other through open dialog. Communication is very important for negotiations in such areas as business, education, medicine and others where definite rules should be fulfilled not depending on cultural belonging of individual. From my experience, most problems in a multicultural society arise due to lack of communication. For example, both local inhabitants and immigrants come across difficulties in the construction of a multicultural society. The greatest conflicts arise particularly in cities, because cities are where cohabitation between diverse cultural groups mostly occurs when different communities compete for material welfare. Taking all these points into consideration, I would say that the world achieves great success in building of a multicultural society, especially in developed countries.